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The History of France: from Louis II to Louis XVIII: Understand a crucial part of the history of French monarchy, with this collection of portraits of some of the most spectacular rulers of France. This catalog lists the kings named Louis, from Louis II (877-879), a king whose wisdom was greater than his authority, to Louis XVIII who reigned during the Restauration of the French Monarchy after the fall of Emperor Napoleon. For each one of these Kings, you will find a detailed description of the style of his reign and his political achievements.

Les Mérovingiens sont la dynastie qui régna sur une très grande partie de la France et de la Belgique actuelles, ainsi que sur une partie de l'Allemagne et de la Suisse, du Ve siècle jusqu'au milieu du VIIIe siècle. Cette lignée est issue des peuples de Francs saliens qui étaient établis au Ve siècle dans les régions de Cambrai et de Tournai, en Belgique (Childéric Ier).

Napoléon Ier (1769-1821) est le premier empereur des Français, de 1804 à 1815. Napoléon Bonaparte est un militaire, général dans les armées de la Première République française, née de la Révolution, commandant en chef de l'armée d'Italie puis de l'armée d'Orient.

Louis-Charles Bourbon, or the Dauphin, never actually reigned, but became either a symbol of martyrdom or the object of one of the most successful acts of substitution ever performed. He enjoyed a charmed early childhood in the palace of Versailles, as the heir of the most powerful throne in Europe; when the French Revolution unfolded in all its horror, his family was incarcerated, and the orphaned boy-King had to endure the hostility and abuse of a nation.

The Cid, an Arab nickname meaning "the Lord", has been called the "most famous Spaniard of all time". Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar was a Castillan military and political leader in medieval Spain. He was an outstanding general, first leading the Spanish against the Moors in victorious battles, then working as a mercenary-general for whoever would require a war won. He eventually captured the city of Valencia, keeping it to himself and ruling it until his death. His remarkable military ability made him the legendary national hero of Spain. He remains an idolized figure in Spain, and his name has been immortalized in every form of story.

Understand a crucial part of the history of French monarchy, with this collection of portraits of some of the most spectacular rulers of France. This catalog lists the kings named Louis, from Louis XIII the Just who stood up against political intrigues, to Louis XVIII who reigned during the Restauration of the French Monarchy after the fall of Emperor Napoleon. For each one of these Kings, you will find a detailed description of the style of his reign and his political achievements.

The bar was high after the glorious reign of the Sun King. Louis XV, his successor, had a difficult time driving the country through religious disputes, intellectual shifts and economical hardness. This eventually led to a steep economic decline, which played an important role in the reaction of the French people against the monarchy, and eventually gave way to the French Revolution.

Quel roi ! Le plus long règne, la plus longue vie, le plus beau palais, des guerres sans fin, des amours multiples, une splendeur incroyable, de la gloire à n'en plus finir, une cour royale fastueuse, mécène des arts et de la culture et un emblème : le Soleil.

Henri IV (1553-1610) fut roi de Navarre (Henri III de Navarre, 1572-1610) puis roi de France (1589-1610), premier souverain de la branche dite de Bourbon de la dynastie capétienne. Il était le fils de Jeanne d'Albret, reine de Navarre, et d'Antoine de Bourbon, chef de la maison de Bourbon, descendant du roi Louis IX et premier prince du sang.

Alexis de Tocqueville est célèbre pour ses analyses de la révolution française, de la démocratie américaine et de l'évolution des démocraties occidentales en général...

We have selected for you 100 great quotes about war. While some see war as a universal and ancestral aspect of human nature, others argue that it is only a result of specific socio-cultural or ecological circumstances. According to Conway W. Henderson, "one source claims that 14,500 wars have taken place between 3500 BC and the late 20th century, costing 3.5 billion lives, leaving only 300 years of peace". So everyone should at least think about this subject, and be prepared to be concerned directly or indirectly by this question, war.

Richard III: one of the most divisive and enigmatic figures in British history. Few monarchs have been held in greater infamy than Richard Plantagenet, who would later ascend the throne as King Richard III; his character has been passionately besmirched and defended, and the arguments still rage after several centuries. He was depicted as a deformed monster in Shakespeare's play, but maybe this was to obey the will of the Tudor monarchy of the time. His real tragedy was both personal and political; his story, replete with intrigue, murder, war, and treachery. Richard III laid the foundations for modern government, often taking the side of the people against the barons; for this, he eventually paid a terrible price.

D'origine aristocratique, Winston Churchill entame une carrière politique en 1900. D'abord député conservateur puis libéral, plusieurs fois ministre de 1906 à 1929, il est élu aux communes en 1924.

The emperor Caligula was one of the strangest and cruelest rulers that ever lived, and most of what is known about his reign comes from Suetonius. The first six months of his reign appear to have been moderate and successful; but after that, he fell into a spiral of sadism, sexual perversity, and plain insanity that made him one of the most hated tyrants of all time.

François Ier (1494-1547), est sacré roi de France le 25 janvier 1515 dans la cathédrale de Reims. Il règne jusqu'à sa mort en 1547. Fils de Charles d'Angoulême et de Louise de Savoie, il appartient à la branche de Valois-Angoulême de la dynastie capétienne. François Ier est considéré comme le monarque emblématique de la période de la Renaissance française.

The emperor Nero's reign is one weird tale of sexual depravity and extravagant sadism. He was a gifted musician, and is said to have given great concerts of which attendance was compulsory; women were said to have given birth during the performance, and men were driven to fake death to escape. Nero kicked his pregnant wife to death and then had a young boy castrated to replace her as his spouse; then, during the great fire of Rome, he is said to have played the lyre to emphasize the beauty of the destruction. His eccentricities are a continuation of the tradition of his predecessors, only more perverted; Suetonius' account portray a strange man in strange times.

All Henry VI "The Mad" ever wanted was peace. But everything kept going to hell around him, till his mind broke from the pressure of having to rule two kingdoms, wage a war, and survive countless cabals all the while having not a single clue how rulership worked. Henry VI was thrown into power at the tender age of nine months, and kept being let down by everyone around him, while he struggled to understand what was going on.

Louis XVI (1754 -1793) est le dernier roi de la monarchie absolue française. Son tempérament, éloigné des vertus de leader et de réformateur, peine à engager la France vers la voie de modernité et conduit le royaume vers une crise politique, économique et sociale qui participe à la naissance de la Révolution française.

Dans les dernières décennies de la République romaine, Marcus Tullius Cicéron se lance en politique pour briguer le consulat ; son frère Quintus lui apporte alors son expérience du terrain, et son livre est un véritable manuel pour une campagne électorale réussie, "L'art de gagner une élection". Le principe d'une campagne électorale n'a pas changé depuis : gagne celui qui s'assure le soutien des personnages influents et manipule subtilement la masse des électeurs.

Louis XI, dit le Prudent, né en 1423 à Bourges, mort en 1483 au château du Plessis-lez-Tours, fut roi de France de 1461 à 1483. Son intense activité diplomatique, perçue par ses adversaires comme sournoise, lui valut de la part de ses détracteurs le surnom d'"universelle aragne".