Puerto Rico with no Spaniard or US Citizenship for almost 20 years from 1898 to 1917
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Puerto Rico with no Spaniard or US Citizenship for almost 20 years from 1898 to 1917
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📆 Historical Context:
- July 25, 1898 – The United States invades Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War.
- December 10, 1898 – Treaty of Paris: Spain cedes Puerto Rico to the U.S. as war spoils.
- 1899–1900 – Spain formally withdraws Spanish citizenship from Puerto Ricans.
- 1900 – The Foraker Act establishes civilian government under U.S. control but does not grant U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans.
- 1917 – The Jones-Shafroth Act grants U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans.
⚖️ Legal Status of Puerto Ricans (1898–1917):
- No Spanish citizenship: After Spain relinquished sovereignty, Puerto Ricans were no longer Spanish citizens.
- No U.S. citizenship: The U.S. did not automatically grant citizenship. Puerto Ricans were considered “non-citizen U.S. nationals.”
- They were colonial subjects with limited rights and no representation in the U.S. government.
🧑🤝🧑 Impact on the Puerto Rican People:
🗳️ Political Rights:
- No right to vote in U.S. elections.
- No voting representation in Congress.
- No ability to influence U.S. laws or policies that affected the island.
🛂 Travel & Identity:
- Travel was complicated—many countries did not recognize the legal status of Puerto Ricans.
- They carried “Certificates of Identity” instead of passports, often leading to issues abroad.
🏫 Cultural & Educational Shift:
- The U.S. imposed an aggressive Americanization campaign:
- English was made the main language of instruction in schools.
- U.S. symbols and history were prioritized over Puerto Rican or Spanish heritage.
💰 Economic Changes:
- U.S. sugar corporations began dominating the economy.
- Land ownership shifted to U.S. interests, and many Puerto Ricans were reduced to low-paid agricultural laborers.
- The island became economically dependent on U.S. policies and capital.
💣 Social Unrest:
- Resistance movements began to form, particularly those led by figures like Ramón Emeterio Betances and later Pedro Albizu Campos.
- The sudden loss of identity, rights, and representation caused growing resentment.