OTD:

In 1689, Scottish Jacobites were defeated by government forces at the Battle of Dunkeld, with the Cameronian Regiment holding their ground despite being outnumbered.

In 1858, the first Lincoln-Douglas debate took place in Ottawa, Illinois, focusing on slavery and propelling Abraham Lincoln into the national spotlight.

In 1906, the Victor Talking Machine Company introduced the Victrola, revolutionizing home music consumption with its enclosed phonograph design.

In 1959, Hawaii was admitted as the 50th state of the United States, marking the first state with a predominantly non-white population.

In 1986, a deadly release of carbon dioxide from Lake Nyos in Cameroon suffocated nearly 1,800 people, highlighting the dangers of limnic eruptions.

In 1911, the Mona Lisa was stolen from the Louvre by Vincenzo Peruggia, who believed the painting should be returned to Italy, sparking a global sensation.

In 1991, Latvia declared its independence from the Soviet Union following a failed coup in Moscow, gaining international recognition as a sovereign state.

In 1983, Philippine opposition leader Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. was assassinated in Manila, igniting protests that eventually led to the ousting of President Ferdinand Marcos.

In 2010, 33 miners were found alive after being trapped for 17 days in Chile's San José mine, leading to a successful rescue operation that captivated the world.

OTD:

In 636, the Rashidun Caliphate decisively defeated the Byzantine Empire in the Battle of Yarmouk, marking a significant shift in regional power and the beginning of Islamic expansion into Byzantine territories.

In 1741, Antonio Vivaldi's opera Griselda premiered in Venice, showcasing his skill in adapting complex stories into musical compositions.

In 1882, a devastating fire at Moscow's Khitrov Market destroyed hundreds of wooden stalls, causing widespread panic and economic loss.

In 1887, Emil Berliner patented the gramophone, revolutionizing the music industry by introducing flat disc recordings as the standard for recorded sound.

In 1913, Dr. Friedrich Maass performed the first successful open-heart surgery in Vienna, marking a milestone in medical history.

In 1940, Soviet agent Ramón Mercader assassinated exiled Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky in Mexico City, underscoring the brutality of Stalin's regime.

In 1975, a military coup in Bangladesh overthrew and assassinated Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, leading to political instability in the country.

In 1991, the first international conference on artificial life was held in Linz, Austria, marking the emergence of a new interdisciplinary field exploring life-like systems.

In 1992, American sprinter Evelyn Ashford won her final Olympic gold in the 4x100 meters relay in Barcelona, capping off an illustrious career.

In 2013, Iceland became one of the first countries to make Bitcoin legal tender, highlighting its innovative approach to finance and technology.

OTD:

In 1848, France enacted its first public health law, marking a major step forward in regulating urban health and sanitation.

In 1929, Jorge Luis Borges published his first book of poetry, "Fervor de Buenos Aires," beginning his influential literary career.

In 1934, Adolf Hitler consolidated power as Führer of Germany after a national referendum confirmed his total control over the state.

In 1942, the Dieppe Raid in World War II ended in disaster for Allied forces, but provided crucial lessons for future operations like D-Day.

In 1953, a CIA- and British-backed coup in Iran overthrew Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh, reinstating the Shah to power.

In 1980, a massive fire at Saudi Arabia's Al-Mishraq sulfur mine burned for nearly a month, causing severe environmental damage.

In 2008, Michael Phelps won his eighth gold medal at the Beijing Olympics, breaking the record for the most golds in a single Games.

In 2003, NASA's Galileo probe made its final flyby of Jupiter's moon Amalthea, concluding its mission with valuable data on Jupiter.

In 2021, a deadly explosion outside Kabul's Hamid Karzai International Airport during U.S. evacuation efforts killed over 180 people, highlighting the perilous end of the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan.